Abstract
Background: Anthropology is the study of human biology and culture. This study aims to develop an image-processing algorithm for computing anthropometric measurements in forensic investigations in order to produce ear biometric databases of Hausas and Yorubas of Nigeria.
Materials and methods: Hausas of Kebbi State (150 males and 150 females, aged 18 to 36 years) and Yorubas of Osun State (150 males and 150 females, aged 15 to 33 years) were selected as subjects after their informed consents were obtained and when established as Hausas or Yorubas by parents and grandparents. Height, Bodyweight and cephalometric parameters (evaluated on ear photographs) were measured on all subjects. The Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm used in this study was developed using modified computer programming principle of row method. Ear Length, Length of Ear Insertion, Ear Breadth, Ear Index, Iannarelli System (1 - 12) of Ear Biometrics and Naso-aural proportion computed from readings of the Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm were analyzed using z-test (P<0.05) of 2010 Microsoft Excel statistical software.
Results: Statistical analyses showed non-significant higher values (P>0.05) in Hausa and Yoruba males compared to females in most ear parameters. Non-significant higher values (P>0.05) of ear parameters were observed in Yorubas compared to Hausas in both gender. Naso-aural proportions were nonsignificantly higher in Hausa males compared to females, lower in Yoruba males compared to females, higher in Hausa males compared to Yoruba males and lower in Hausa females compared to Yoruba females.
Conclusions: The developed Akinlolu-Raji image-processing algorithm can be employed for computing anthropometric, forensic, diagnostic or any other measurements on 2-D and 3-D images, and data computed from its readings can be converted to actual or life sizes. Males have higher ear sizes compared to females in Hausas and Yorubas. In addition, Yorubas of Osun State have higher ear sizes compared to Hausas of Kebbi State in both gender.
Keywords: Ear, biometrics, naso-aural proportion, yoruba, hausa, image-processing algorithm, forensic investigations
Résumé
Contexte: L’anthropologie est l’étude de la biologie et de la culture humaine. Cette étude vise à développer un algorithme de traitement d’image pour le calcul de mesures anthropométriques lors des enquêtes criminologiques afin de créer des bases de données biométriques auriculaires sur les Hausas et les Yorubas du Nigéria.
Matériels et méthodes: Les Hausas de l’État de Kebbi (150 hommes et 150 femmes âgés de 18 à 36 ans) et les Yorubas de l’État d’Osun (150 hommes et 150 femmes de 15 à 33 ans) ont été sélectionnés comme sujets après que leur consentement a été obtenu et quand établis en tant que Hausas ou Yorubas par les parents et les grands-parents. Les paramètres de taille, de poids corporel et céphalométriques (évalués sur des photographies de l’oreille) ont été mesurés sur tous les sujets. L’algorithme de traitement d’images Akinlolu-Raji utilisé dans cette étude a été développé en utilisant le principe de programmation informatique modifié de la méthode des lignes. Longueur de l’oreille, longueur de l’insertion de l’oreille, largeur de l’oreille, indice de l’oreille, système Iannarelli (1 - 12) de la biométrie de l’oreille et proportion auriculo-nasale calculée à partir de la lecture de l’algorithme de traitement d’images AkinloluRaji ont été analysés à l’ aide du test z ( P d” 0,05) du logiciel statistique Microsoft Excel 2010.
Résultats: Les analyses statistiques ont montré des valeurs supérieures non significatives (P> 0,05) chez les hommes hausa et yoruba par rapport aux femmes pour la plupart des paramètres auriculaires. Des valeurs non significativement plus élevées (P> 0,05) des paramètres de l’oreille ont été observées chez les Yorubas par rapport aux Hausas parmi les deux sexes. Les proportions auriculonasales étaient non significativement plus élevées chez les hommes que les femmes hausa, plus bas chez les hommes que les femmes Yoruba, élevé chez les hommes hausa par rapport aux hommes yoruba et moins chez les femmes hausa que les femmes yoruba.
Conclusions: L’algorithme de traitement d’images développé par Akinlolu-Raji peut être utilisé pour calculer des mesures anthropométriques, criminologiques, diagnostiques ou toute autre mesure sur des images 2D et 3D, et les données calculées à partir de ses lectures peuvent être converties en tailles actuelles ou réelles. Les oreilles des hommes sont plus grandes que celles des femmes chez les Hausas et les Yorubas. En outre, les Yorubas de l’État d’Osun ont une taille d’oreille supérieure à celle des Hausas de l’État de Kebbi entre les deux sexes.
Mots clés: Oreille, Biométrie, proportion auriculo-nasale, Yoruba, Hausa, algorithme de traitement d’image, enquêtes criminologiques Yoruba, Hausa, Image-processing algorithm, Forensic investigations
Correspondence: Dr. A.A. Akinlolu, Department of Anatomy, Faculty Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. E-mail: a3akin@gmail.com.
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