Ключові слова
pregnant women
awareness
smoking
antenatal clinic
Анотація
Background: Poor awareness of risk factors for birth
defects (BD) among women had been reported in
most of the developed countries. However, little of
such is known in developing countries like Nigeria
where a significant prevalence of BD had been
reported. This study assessed awareness and
prevalence of BD among women in selected rural
communities in Oyo State Nigeria.
Methods: This is a community based cross-sectional
study. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to
recruit 614 women, aged 15-49 years. Data on
awareness, prevalence of BD, associated risk factors
and preventive measures were collected using an
interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were
analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Mean age of the 614 women interviewed
was 34.8 ± 7.7 years. Majority were married (526,
85.7%), had formal education (531, 86.5%) and were
aware of BD (530, 86.3%). About half (313, 51.0%)
reported supernatural factor as a cause of BD and
only four (0.8%) women reported occurrence of BD
among their children. Risk factors identified included
smoking during pregnancy (404, 76.2%), advanced
maternal age (197, 37.2%), diabetes mellitus (176,
33.2%) and maternal obesity (104, 19.6%). Predictors
of awareness of BD include regular attendance of
ANC (aOR=3.38, 1.56 – 7.34), formal employment
(aOR=2.38, CI=1.06 – 5.26) and being married
(aOR=2.17, CI=1.12 – 4.17).
Conclusions: Despite high awareness, there was
low self-reported prevalence of BD with high level
of misconceptions among participants. There is need
for intensification of BD awareness interventions
among women resident in the study area.
Посилання
Canaku D, Toçi E, Roshi E, Burazeri G.
Prevalence and factors associated with
congenital malformations in tirana, Albania,
during 2011-2013. Mater Sociomed. 2014
Jun;26(3):158-62. doi: 10.5455/
msm.2014.26.158-162. Epub 2014 Jun 21. PMID:
; PMCID: PMC4130685.
Christianson A, Howson C, Modell B. March of
Dimes. Global report on birth defect. The hidden
toll of dying and disabled children. New York.
;10–6.
Bakare, TIB, Sowande, OA, Adejuyigbe, OO,
Chinda, JY, Usang U. Epidemiology of external
birth defects in western Nigeria. African Journal
of Paediatric Surgery. 2009;6(1):28–30.
Correa A, Marcinkevage J. Prepregnancy
obesity and the risk of birth defects: an update.
Nutr Rev. 2013 Oct;71 (Suppl 1): S68-77.
Yoon PW, Olney RS, Khoury M, Sappenfield
WM, Chavez GF TD. Contribution of Birth
Defects and Genetic Diseases to Paediatric
Hospitalizations-A Population-Based Study.
Archives of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine.
;151(11):1096–103.
Brent RL. Environmental causes of human
congenital malformations. Progress in obstetrics
and gynaecology 18. 2008;61–83.
Gilboa SM, Correa A, Botto LD, Rasmussen SA,
Waller DK, Hobbs CA, et al. Association
between prepregnancy body mass index and
congenital heart defects. American Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2010;202(1):51. e1-
1. e1 0. D O I: htt p s:/ / doi.or g/ 1 0 .1 0 16 /
j.ajog.2009.08.005
Bello, A.I., Acquah, A.A., Quartey, J.N. et
al. Knowledge of pregnant women about birth
defects. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 13, 45
(2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-45.
Oginni FO, Asuku ME, Oladele AO, Obuekwe
ON, Nnabuko RE. Knowledge and cultural
beliefs about the aetiology and management of
orofacial clefts in Nigeria’s major ethnic groups.
Cleft Palate-Craniofac J. 2010;47(4):327–34. doi:
1597/07-085.1.
Bale JR, Stoll BJ, Lucas AO. Incorporating Care
for Birth Defects into Health Care Systems.
National Academies Press (US); Washington
(DC); 2003.4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK222070/. (Accessed on 12/10/19).
Lawal TA, Yusuf OB, Fatiregun AA. Knowledge
of birth defects among nursing mothers in a
developing country. Afr Health Sci. 2015
Mar;15(1):180-7. Doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i1.24.
Singh S, Chukwunyere DN, Omembelede J,
Onankpa B. Foetal congenital anomalies: An
experience from a tertiary health institution in
north-west Nigeria (2011-2013). Niger postgrad
Med J. 2015;22(3):174. DOI: 10.4103/1117-
170743
Akinmoladun JA, Ogbole GI, O Oluwasola TA.
Pattern and outcome of prenatally diagnosed
major congenital anomalies at a Nigerian Tertiary
Hospital. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018
May;21(5):560-565. doi: 10.4103/
njcp.njcp_210_17.
Masoumeh P, Vahid K, Samira K, Hamid A,
Khosheh K. Knowledge of pregnant women
about congenital anomalies: A cross-sectional
study in north of Iran. Indian J Health Sci Biomed
Res 2015;8(1):41. Doi: 10.4103/2349-
158230
Hackshaw A, Rodeck C, Boniface S. Maternal
smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: a
systematic review based on 173 687 malformed
cases and 11.7 million controls. Hum Reprod
Update. 2011 Sep-Oct;17(5):589-604. doi:
1093/humupd/dmr022.
Riley EP, Infante MA, Warren KR. Fetal alcohol
spectrum disorders: an overview. Neuropsychol
Rev. 2011 Jun;21(2):73-80. doi: 10.1007/s11065-
-9166-x.
Tong VT, Jones JR, Dietz PM, D’Angelo D,
Bombard JM; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC). Trends in smoking before,
during, and after pregnancy - Pregnancy Risk
Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS),
United States, 31 sites, 2000-2005. MMWR
Surveill Summ. 2009 May 29;58(4):1-29.
Skagerström, J., Alehagen, S., HäggströmNordin, E. et al. Prevalence of alcohol use
before and during pregnancy and predictors of
drinking during pregnancy: a cross sectional study
in Sweden. BMC Public Health 13, 780 (2013).
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-780.
Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during
pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes:
evidence from a British cohort. J Epidemiol
Community Health. 2014 Jun;68(6):542-9. doi:
1136/jech-2013-202934.
Ndulue C, Oguejiofor N, Osineke S, Ulasi I. Sun-
gender distribution of kidney disease risk
factors among adults living in rural Nigeria: a pilot
study. Kidney International Reports.
;5(3);S261. DOI:10.1016/j.ekir.2020.02.674
Ibeh CC, Ele PU. Prevalence of cigarette
smoking in young Nigerian females. Afr J Med
Med Sci. 2003;32(4):335-338.
Nulman I, Rovet J, Kennedy D, Wasson C,
Gladstone J, Fried S, et al. Binge alcohol
consumption by non-alcohol – dependent women
during pregnancy affects child behaviour, but not
general intellectual functioning; a prospective
controlled study. Arch Womens Ment Health.
Jul;7(3):173-81. doi: 10.1007/s00737-004-
-7.
Wake GE, Fitie GW, Endris S, Abeway S,
Temesgen G. Pregnant mother’s knowledge level
and its determinant factors towards preventable
risk factors of congenital anomalies among
mothers attended health institutions for antenatal
care, Ethiopia. Clinical Epidemiology and Global
Health. 2022; 14:100973. Doi:10.1016/
j.cegh.2022.100973
Tsimis ME, Sheffield JS. Update on syphilis and
pregnancy. Birth Defects Res. 2017 Mar
;109(5):347-352. doi: 10.1002/bdra.23562.
McAlister Gregg N. Congenital cataract following
German measles in the mother. Rev Med Virol.
Sep-Oct;11(5):277-83; discussion 284-5.
doi: 10.1002/rmv.327.
Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE, Jones
AM, Lee EH, Yazdy MM, et al. Birth Defects
Among Foetuses and Infants of US Women With
Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection During
Pregnancy. JAMA. 2017;317(1):59–68. doi:
1001/jama.2016.19006.
Yamashita Y, Fujimoto C, Nakajima E, Isagai T
MT. Possible association between congenital
cytomegalovirus infection and autistic disorder.
J Autism Dev Disord. 2003;33(4):455-9. doi:
1023/a:1025023131029.
Pass RF, Arav-Boger R. Maternal and foetal
cytomegalovirus infection: Diagnosis,
management, and prevention. F1000Res.
;7:255. doi: 10.12688/
f1000research.12517.1.
Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros
L, Ayoubi JM, Vauloup-Fellous C. Rubella and
pregnancy: Diagnosis, management and
outcomes. Prenat Diagn. 2014 ;34(13):1246-53.
doi: 10.1002/pd.4467. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
De Santis M, De Luca C, Mappa I, Spagnuolo
T, Licameli A, Straface G, Scambia G. Syphilis
Infection during pregnancy: fetal risks and clinical
management. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2012;
:430585. doi: 10.1155/2012/430585.
Garcias G de L, Schüler-Faccini L. The beliefs
of mothers in southern Brazil regarding riskfactors associated with congenital abnormalities.
Genet. and Mol. Biol. 2004;27(2):147–53.
Doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572004000200004.
Palomaki GE, Haddow JE, Sokol AI, Kramer RL,
Yaron Y, O’Brien JE, et al. Age-related
prevalence of Down syndrome [4] (multiple
letters). Vol. 180, American Journal of Obstetrics
and Gynaecology. Mosby Inc.; 1999. p. 1597–8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S002-9378(99)70063-3.
Janeczko D, Ho³owczuk M, Orze³ A, Klatka B,
Semczuk A. Paternal age is affected by genetic
abnormalities, perinatal complications and mental
health of the offspring. Biomed Rep. 2020
;12(3):83-88. doi: 10.3892/br.2019.1266.
Fang Y, Wang Y, Peng M, Xu J, Fan Z, Liu C, et
al. Effect of paternal age on offspring birth
defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Nov 20;12(24):25373-
doi: 10.18632/aging.104141.
Mills JL. Malformations in infants of diabetic
mothers. Teratology 25:385-94. 1982. Birth
Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol.
;88(10):769–78. doi: 10.1002/bdra.20757.
Chen CP. Congenital malformations associated
with maternal diabetes. Taiwanese J Obstet
Gynaecol. 2005;44(1): 1–7.
Mills JL, Baker L, Goldman AS. Malformations
in infants of diabetic mothers occur before the
seventh gestational week. Implications for
treatment. Diabetes. 1979 ;28(4):292-3. doi:
2337/diab.28.4.292.
Esposito G, Ambrosio R, Napolitano F, di Giuseppe
G. Women’s knowledge, attitudes and behavior
about maternal risk factors in pregnancy. PLoS
ONE. 2015;10(12):1–12: e0145873. doi: 10.1371/
journal.pone.0145873.
Yao R, Ananth CV, Park BY, Pereira L P la.
Obesity and the risk of stillbirth: a populationbased cohort study. American Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2014;210(5): 457.e
-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.044.
Waller DK, Shaw GM, Rasmussen SA, et al.
Prepregnancy Obesity as a Risk Factor for
Structural Birth Defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc
Med. 2007;161(8):745–750. doi:10.1001/
archpedi.161.8.745.
DB Olarinloye, DA Adewole and DM Dairo 102
Self-reported prevalence and awareness of birth defects
Shanti L. Action Through Enterprise. Draft
Tackling Causes of Disability: Iodine Deficiency
Report Goitre Screening Study in Lawra DistrictNovember 2015. [cited 2022 Apr 4].
Hussain S, Asghar I, Sabir MD, Chattha MN,
Tarar SH, Mushtaq R. Prevalence and pattern
of congenital malformations among neonates in
the neonatal unit of a teaching hospital. J Pak
Med Assoc. 2014;64(6):629–34.
Ajao AE, Adeoye IA. Prevalence, risk factors
and outcome of congenital anomalies among
neonatal admissions in Ogbomoso, Nigeria. BMC
Pediatr. 2019 Apr 3;19(1):88. doi: 10.1186/
s12887-019-1471-1.