Abstrak
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicological effects of the leaves of Paullinia pinnataLinn.(PP) in rodents using Wistar albino mice and rats as experimental models.
Methodology: Acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of PP was carried out in Wistar strain albino mice using varying doses of the extract at 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, and 10,000 mg/kg body weight . These doses were administered orally to male Wistar albino mice with the exception of the control group and observed for morbidity and mortality after Day 1, Day 7 and Day 14. Sub-acute toxicity study was conducted in male Wistar albino rats with varying doses of 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight. These doses were administered orally once daily at 24 hour intervals for 28 days and the vehicle (physiological saline and Tween 80 (70:30v/v)) was administered to the control groups in the experiments. Biochemical analyses were carried out on the plasma while pathological changes in the kidneys, liver and lungs were examined histologically.
Results: In the acute toxicity study, the mice did not show any form of morbidity or mortality. For the sub –acute toxicity study, plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol and the triglycerides were significantly elevated (p<0.05) at the 400mg/kg body weight dosage. Elevated levels of plasma ALP were also observed at 800mg/kg body weight. The histopathological study showed that the lungs exhibited dose -dependent lymphocytic infiltrations and the pattern of occurrence of lesions observed in the liver was at a frequency of one rat per group at the 400 and 800mg/kg body weight doses.
Conclusion: The methanol leaf extract of Paullinia pinnata (Linn.) is well tolerated when orally administered at a dose of 200mg/kg body weight but toxic at higher doses.
Keywords: Acute-toxicity, sub- acute toxicity, biochemical analyses, Paullinia pinnata Linn., histopathology, phytochemical screening
Résumé
Introduction: Le but de cette étude était d’investiguer les effets toxicologiques des feuilles de Paullinia pinnata Linn. (PP) chez les rongeurs en utilisant des souris et des rats comme modèles expérimentaux albinos Wistar.
Méthodologie: Étude de toxicité aiguë de l’extrait de méthanol de PP a été réalisée dans des souris de souche Wistar albinos en utilisant diverses doses de l’extrait à 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400, et 10.000 mg / kg de poids corporel. Ces doses ont été administrées par voie orale à des souris albinos mâles Wistar à l’exception du groupe de contrôle et des signes de morbidité et de mortalité après les jours 1, 7 et 14. Également l’étude de toxicité sub-aiguë a été menée chez des rats albinos mâles Wistar à des doses variable de 50, 100, 200, 400 et 800 mg / kg de poids corporel. Ces doses ont été administrées par voie orale une fois par jour à 24 heures d’intervalle pendant 28 jours et le véhicule (sérum physiologique et Tween 80 (70 30v / v)) a été administré à des groupes témoins dans les expériences.
Résultats: Des analyses biochimiques ont été effectuées sur le plasma alors que des changements pathologiques dans les reins, le foie et les poumons ont été examinés histologiquement. Dans l’étude de toxicité aiguë, les souris n’ont montré aucune forme de morbidité ou de mortalité. Pour l’étude de toxicité sub-aiguë, les taux plasmatiques de phosphatase alcaline (ALP), acide aspartique aminotransférase (AST), le cholestérol total et les triglycérides étaient significativement plus élevées (p<0,05) a la dose de 400mg/kg de poids corporel. Des niveaux élevés d’ALP plasma ont également été observées à 800mg/kg de poids corporel. L’étude histopathologique a montré que les poumons présentaient des infiltrations lymphocytaires dose-dépendants et la fréquence de lésions observées dans le foie était d’un rat par groupe de 400 et 800mg/kg des doses de poids corporel.
Conclusion : L’extrait de feuilles de méthanol de Paullinia pinnata (Linn.) est bien toléré lorsqu’il est administré par voie orale à une dose de 200mg/kg de poids corporel, mais toxique à doses élevées.
Correspondence: Oluwatoyin A. Adeyemo-Salami, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: soluwatoyin81@yahoo.com
Referensi
Burkill H.M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Families S- Z, Vol. V. Kew: Royal Gardens, 1990; 26-30.
Dalziel J.M. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown agents for the colonies,1937; 547-612.
Osarenmwinda I.P., Omonkhelin J.O. and Ejiro D.: Antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanolic extract of the leaves of Paullinia pinnata Linn (Sapindaceae). The Internet Journal of health 2009; 9(1) DOI: 10. 5580/10d7
Ior L.D. ,Uguru M.O., Olotu P.N., et al. Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities and phytochemical screening of the leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata (Sapindaceae). J Chem Pharm Res 2011 3(4): 351-356.
Maje I.M., Anuka J.A., Hussaini I.M.,et al. Evaluation of the anti-malarial activity of the ethanolic leaves extract of Paullinia pinnata Linn (Sapindaceae).Nig. Journ. Pharm. Sci. 2007; 6 (2):67- 72.
Zamble A., Carpentier M., Kandoussi A., et al. Paullinia pinnata extracts rich in polyphenols promote vascular relaxation via endothelium- dependent mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2006 47 (4): 599- 608.
Kennedy G.L., O’ Neill A.J. and Valentine R. Inhalation toxicity of dioxole and dioxolane compounds in the rat. Drug Chem Toxicol 2001; 24 (1): 1-17.
Toskulkao C., Chakurat L., Temcharoen P. and Glinsukon T. Acute toxicity of sterioside, a natural sweetner and its metabolite, steviol, in several animal species. Drug Chem Toxicol 1997; 20 (1& 2): 31-44.
Karrow N.A., McCay J.A., Brown R.D., et al. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of the macrolide antibiotia, clathromycin, in female B6C3F1 mice: A 28- day oral gavage study. Drug Chem Toxicol 2001; 24 (1): 19- 37.
Sofowora A. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine in Africa. 2nd ed. Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, 1993; 150-153.
Reitman S. and Frankel S. A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 1957; 28: 56-63.
Recommendations GSCC (Deutsche Gesellschaft Klinische Chemie).Optimized standard colorimetric methods. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1972; 10: 182.
Henry R.J., Cannon D.C. and Winkelman J.W. Clinical chemistry: Principles and techniques 2nd ed. London: Harper and Row, 1974; 14-84.
Varley H., Gowenlock A.H. and Bell M. Practical Clinical Biochemistry Vol. 1. London: William Heinemann Medical Books Limited as reported in the Manual for assays of the Chemical Pathology Unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan 1980.
Richmond N. Preparation and properties of a cholesterol oxidase from Norcardia sp. and its application to the enzymatic assay of total cholesterol in serum. Clin Chem 1973; 19: 1350- 1356.
Study Group, European Atherosclerosis Society. Strategies for the prevention of coronary heart disease. A policy statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J 1987; 8: 77.
Trinder P. Determination of glucose in blood using glucose oxidase with an alternative oxygen acceptor. Ann Clin Biochem 1969; 6: 24-25.
Jacobs N.J. and Van Denmark P.J. The purification and properties of the α-glycerophosphate- oxidizing enzyme of Streptococcus faecalis 10Cl1. Arch Biochem Biophys 1960; 88: 250- 255.
Friedewald W.T., Levy R.I., Fredrickson O.S. Estimation of the concentration of Low –density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972; 18: 499.
Plaa G.L. and Charbonneau M. Detection and evaluation of chemically incured liver injury. In Hayes AW, editor. Principles and methods of toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: A. Raven Press Limited, 1994; 839-879.
Cooper A.D. Hepatic lipoprotein and cholesterol metabolism. In Zakim D. and Boyer T.D., editors. Hepatology -A textbook of liver disease. Vol. I. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Com., 1990; 96-122.
Stolz A. and Kaplowitz N. Biochemical tests for liver disease. In Zakim D. and Boyer T.D., editors. Hepatology -A textbook of liver disease. Vol. I. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Com., 1990; 637.
Laragh T.T. and Pickering F.J. Essential hypertension. In: Brenner BM and Rector FC, editors. Pathology of renal diseases. 4th ed. Vol. II. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company,1991; 1915 -1918.
Nduka N. Clinical Biochemistry for students of pathology. Lagos : Longman Nigeria Plc., 1999; 57-86.
Smith F. and Dunn A. Hypertension due to renal parenchymal disease. In: Brenner BM and Rector FC, editors. Pathology of renal disease 4th ed. Vol. II. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1991; 1974-1975.