Abstrak
Background: The current widespread distribution and use of Yoyo bitters; an herbal bitters made in Nigeria calls for an assessment of its content, efficacy and extent to which this product achieves the labelled claim of being an herbal cleanser.
Methods: The pH, analysis for trace metal and preliminary phytochemicals screening were assessed. In addition, the total phenolic acid content, antioxidant activity using DPPH inhibition and microbiological assay were evaluated using standard procedures. The biological effect of different doses on weight, blood glucose, haematological parameters, liver function and tissues pathology were investigated in healthy Wistar rats over a 28-day period.
Results: Yoyo bitters is a slightly acidic liquid (pH 5.46), containing 0.110 µg/L of zinc, little quantities of saponins, alkaloids, anthraquinones and cardenolides. Low total phenolic acid content (537.7±22.38 mgGAE/mL), poor radical scavenging activity; DPPH IC50 of 855.27±85.8 mg/mL compared with 1.27±0.03 and 1.24±0.02 mg/mL for gallic acid and ascorbic acid respectively. There was lack of antibacterial activity. The weight, blood glucose level and liver function were not affected, while only WBC and platelet levels were increased significantly (p = 0.003). Gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) was observed in the intestine as well as hepatic lesions with some of the treated groups.
Conclusion: Yoyo bitters has a weak antioxidant activity, thus may not possess significant effect on the enhancement of general body health. It has immune-potentiating effect with the risk of development of hepatic degeneration.
Keywords: Yoyo bitters, antioxidant activity, microbiological assay, rat histopathological evaluation, immunepotentiating effect,
Résumé
Contexte: La courante distribution rependue et utilisation des Yoyo amers; un herbier amer produit au Nigeria appelle à l’évaluation de son contenu, efficacité et mesure dans laquelle ce produit atteint la réclamation marqué d’être un nettoyant herbier.
Méthodes: Le pH, analyse de trace métal et dépistage préliminaire des composés phytochimiques ont été évalués. En outre, la teneur totale en acide phénolique, activité antioxydant utilisant inhibition DPPH et dosage microbiologique ont été évaluées en utilisant des procédures standard. L’effet biologique des doses différentes sur le poids, la glycémie, les paramètres hématologiques, la fonction du foie et la pathologie des tissus ont été étudiés chez des rats Wistar sain sur une période de 28 jours.
Résultats: Yoyo amers est un liquide légèrement acidique (pH 5,46) contenant 0,110 µg/L de zinc, petites quantités de saponines, alcaloïdes, anthraquinones et cardénolides. Faible teneur totale en acide phénolique (537,7 ± 22,38 mg GAE / mL), faible activité des radicaux de balayage; DPPH CI50de 855,27 ± 85,8 mg / mL comparé à 1,27 ± 0,03 et 1,24 ± 0,02 mg / ml pour acide gallique et acide ascorbique, respectivement. Il y avait un manque d’activité antibactérienne. Le poids, niveau glycémique et fonction hépatique n’ont pas été affectés, tandis que seuls les niveaux de WBC et des plaquettes ont significativement augmenté (p = 0,003). Tissus lymphoïdes associés au Gut (TLAG) a été observée dans l’intestin, ainsi que des lésions hépatiques avec certains des groupes traités.
Conclusion: Yoyo amers a une activité antioxydant faible, donc ne peut pas avoir d’effet significatif sur l’amélioration de la santé générale du corps. Il a un effet immune-potentialisant avec le risque du développement de dégénérescence hépatique.
Mots-clés: Yoyo amers, activité antioxydant, analyse microbiologique, évaluation histopathologique de rat, effet immune-potentialisant,
Correspondence: Dr. Olayemi M. Adegbolagun, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: duplag03@yahoo.com, om.adegbolagun@gmail.ui.edu.
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