Resumen
Background: Five West African countries, including Nigeria are currently experiencing the largest, most severe, most complex outbreak of Ebola virus disease in history. This paper provided a chronology of outbreaks of Ebola virus disease in the West African sub-region and provided an update on efforts at containing the present outbreak.
Methods: Literature from Pubmed (MEDLINE), AJOL, Google Scholar and Cochrane database were reviewed.
Results: Outbreaks of Ebola virus disease had frequently occurred mainly in Central and East African countries. Occasional outbreaks reported from outside of Africa were due to laboratory contamination and imported monkeys in quarantine facilities. The ongoing outbreak in West Africa is the largest and first in the sub-region; the number of suspected cases and deaths from this single current outbreak is already about three times the total of all cases and deaths from previous known outbreaks in 40 years. Prevention and control efforts are hindered not only by lack of a known vaccine and virus-specific treatment, but also by weak health systems, poor sanitation, poor personal hygiene and cultural beliefs and practices, including myths and misconceptions about Ebola virus disease – all of which are prevalent in affected countries. Constrained by this situation, the World Health Organisation departed from the global standard and recommended the use of not yet proven treatments to treat or prevent the disease in humans on ethical and evidential grounds.
Conclusion: The large number of people affected by the present outbreak in West Africa and the high case-fatality rate calls for accelerated evaluation and development of the investigational medical interventions for life saving and curbing the epidemic. Meanwhile, existing interventions such as early detection and isolation, contact tracing and monitoring, and adherence to rigorous procedures of infection prevention and control should be intensified.
Keywords: Ebola Virus Disease, Outbreak, Treatments, Prevention, Control, West Africa
Résumé
Contexte: cinq pays de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, y compris le Nigériaconnaissentactuellement le plus grand et le plus grave, la plus complexeépidémied’Ebola virus maladie de l’histoire. Ce document fourniunechronologie des épidémies de virus Ebola la maladiedans la sous-régionouest-africaineet a fourniunemise à jour sur les efforts visant à endiguer la flambéeactuelle.
Méthodes: La littérature de Pubmed (MEDLINE), AJOL, Google Scholar et Cochrane database ontétéexaminés.
Résultats: Des épidémies de virus Ebola la maladieavaitfréquemments’estproduiteprincipalement en pays d’Afriquecentrale et orientale. Occasionnellement des flambéesontétésignalées à l’extérieur de l’Afriqueétaientdus à la contamination laboratoireet singes importésdans les installations de quarantaine. La flambée en cours en Afrique de l’Ouestest la plus grande et la première dans la sous-région; le nombre de cas suspects et de décèsdus à cetteseuleépidémieactuelleest déjà environ troisfois le total de tous les cas et les décèsdus au précédentconnu des
flambéesdans 40 ans. Les efforts de prévention et de luttesontentravées non seulement par le manque d’un vaccinconnu et virus de traitementspécifique, maisaussipar la faiblesse des systèmes de santé, le manqued’assainissement, la médiocrité de l’hygiènepersonnelle, les pratiques et les croyancesculturelles, y compris les mythes et idéesfausses au sujet de virus Ebola maladie - qui sonttous des répanduedans les pays touchés. Entravée par cette situation, l’Organisationmondiale de la Santé s’écartait de la normemondialeet a recommandél’utilisation de pas encore traitementséprouvés pour traiterouprévenir la maladie chez les humainssuréthique et motifs probante.
Conclusion: Le grand nombre de personnestouchéespar la flambéeactuelle en Afrique de l’Ouest et le haut taux de létalitéappelsd’ uneévaluationaccélérée et le développement des médicamentsexpérimentaux interventions médicales pour sauver la vie et contrel’épidémie. Entre-temps, les interventions existantes tellesquedétectionprécoce et à l’isolement, recherche des contacts et la surveillance, et le respect de procéduresrigoureuses de prévention et de contrôle des infections doitêtreintensifiée.
Mots-clés: Virus Ebola Maladie, épidémie, les traitements, la prévention, le contrôle, l’Afrique de l’Ouest
Correspondence: Dr. Kayode O. Osungbade, Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: koosungbade@yahoo.com
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