Childhood bacterial meningitis in Ibadan, Nigeria- antibiotic sensitivity pattern of pathogens, prognostic indices and outcome.

Resumé

Bacterial meningitis remains a major cause of morbidity, mortality and neurodisability in childhood, particularly in the developing world where effective vaccines against the usual pathogens responsible for the disease are not in routine use. To describe the patterns and outcome of bacterial meningitis among children admitted into the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan, Nigeria. All children who satisfied the case definition for meningitis, admitted into the paediatric wards of the University College Hospital, UCH, Ibadan over a period of 30 months were prospectively enrolled and blood and CSF samples were taken for bacteriological analyses. A total of 97 children, 62 males and 35 females were studied. Their ages ranged between 2months and 12 years, mean age 33.0 (SD=41.7) months, with 80.4% of the cases below the age of 5 years. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was the leading pathogen, found in 16 (55.1%) of the 29 cases of definite meningitis. Other isolates include Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.1%), Klebsiella spp (7.0%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.0%), Escherichia coli (3.4%) and Pseudomonas spp. (3.4%). Hib and pneumococcus showed varying degrees of resistance to chloramphenicol, penicillin and cotrimoxazole. Twenty six (26.8%) of the cases died and 67.6% of the survivors developed significant neurological sequele. Bacterial meningitis remains a major cause of childhood mortality and neurodisability. Hib and pneumococcus remain the major pathogens responsible for this dreadful disease in Ibadan, Nigeria. The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance calls for institution of adequate control measures, particularly routine childhood immunisation against the disease.

Keywords: Meningitis, childhood, pathogens, outcome

Résumé
La méningite bactérienne demeure une cause majeure de la souffrance, décès et déshabilite neurologique aux enfants, particulièrement dans les pays sous développés ou les vaccines efficaces contre ces pathogènes ne sont pas régulièrement déployées. L’objectif de cette étude était de décrire les fréquences et les résultats de la méningite bactérienne parmi les enfants admis au Centre Universitaire Hospitalier d’Ibadan au Nigeria. Les enfants qui remplissaient la condition de la méningite, admis en unité de pédiatrie au centre universitaire, UCH, Ibadan durant une période de 30 mois étaient recrutés, leur échantillons de sang et de FCS étaient collectés pour les analyses bactériologiques. Au total, 97 enfants donc 62 males et 35 femeles étaient étudiés. Leurs ages variant entre 2 mois a 12 ans avec une moyenne d’age de 33.0 ± 41.7 mois, et 80.4% de moins de 5 ans. L’hémophile de la grippe ou influenzae de type b était le plus commun chez 16 (55.1%) des 29 cas de méningite. D’autres isolats inclut les streptocoque pneumonique (24.1%), spp. Klebsiella (7.0%), staphylocoque aureus (7.0 %), Escheichia coli (3.4%) et spp. Pseudomone (3.4 %). Les pneumocoques et les Hib démontraient des degrés variés de résistance au chloramphénicol, pénicilline et cotrimoxazole. Vingt six(26.8%) des cas mourraient et 67.6% des  survivants developpaient des sequeles neurologiques significantives. La méningite bactérienne reste une cause majeure de la mortalité enfantine et neuroparalysis. Le pneumocoque et le Hib restent les pathogenes majeur responsable de cette maladie mortelle a Ibadan au Nigeria. L’émergence croissante de la résistance aux antibiotiques demande des mesures de controle adéquate dans les institutions particulièrement dans l’immunisation routinière contre cette maladie.

Correspondence: Dr. I.A. Lagunju, Department of Paediatrics, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Email: ilagunju@yahoo.co.uk

pdf (engelsk)

Referencer

Tureen J. Meningitis. In: Rudolph DC, Rudolph AM, Lister G, Siegel NJ, Eds. Rudolph’s Pediatrics. New York: McGraw-Hill,

:900-904.

Pulickal AS, Mathew AM and Xavier D. Patterns and outcome of acute bacterial meningitis in a South Indian tertiary hospital. Indian

J Public Health 2005; 49: 254-255.

Yogev Ram. Meningitis. In: Jenson HB, Baltimore RS, Eds. Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Connecticut: Appleton and Lange. 1995: 781-

Shabani IS, Al-Ateeqi W, Abu-Shanab O et al.Childhood Meningitis in Kuwait: epidemiology of etiologic agents and the need for

pneumococcal disease prevention. Med Princ Pract 2006; 15: 431-435.

Husain E, Chawla R, Dobson S et al. Epide miology and outcome of bacterial meningitis in Canadian children: 1998-1999. Clin Invest

Med 2006; 29: 131-135.

Pelody RG, Hellenbrand W, Ancona F and Ruutu P. Pneumococcal disease surveillance in Europe. Euro Surveill 2006; 11: 171-178

Greenwood B. The epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in children in the developing world. P.Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci.

; 354: 777-785.

. Johnson WB, Adedoyin OT, Abdulkarim AA and Olanrewaju WI. Bacterial pathogens and outcome determinants of

childhood pyogenic meningitis in Ilorin, Nigeria. Afr J Med med Sci 2001; 30: 295-303.

Al Khorasani A and Banajeh S. Bacterial profile and clinical outcome of childhood meningitis in rural Yemen: a 2 year hospital

based study. J Infect 2006; 53: 228-234.

Molyneux E, Riordan FA and Walsh A. Acute bacterial meningitis in children presenting to the Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital,

Liverpool,UK and the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre, Malawi: a world of difference. AnnTrop Paediatr 2006; 26: 29-37.

Goetghebuer T, West E, Wermenbol V, et al. Outcome of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus

influenzae type b meningitis in Gambian children. Trop.Med. Int. Hlth. 2000;5:207-213.

Adegbola RA, Falade AG, Sam BE, et al. The etiology of pneumonia in malnourished and well nourished Gambian children. Pediatr.

Infect. Dis. J.1994;13:975-982.

Saha SK, Darmstadt GL, Yamanaka N et al. Rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis:implications for treatment and

measuring disease burden. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24: 1093-1098.

Black S, Shienfiled H, Fireman B et al.Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in

children. Northern Californai Kaiser Permanente vaccines Study Center Gropup. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19:187-195.

Chandran A, Watt JP and Santosham M. Prevention of Haemophilus influenzae type b disease; past success and future challenges.

Exper Expert Rev Vaccines 2005; 4: 819-827

Yogev R and Guzman-Cottrill J. Bacterial meningitis in children: critical review of current concept. Drugs 2005; 65: 1097-1112.

Wall RA, Corrah PT, Mabey DCW and Green wood BM. The aetiology of lobar pneumonia in The Gambia. Bull WHO 1986; 64: 553-

Berkley JA, Lowe BS, Mwangi I, et al. Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya. N Engl. J Med 2005; 352: 39-

Campbell JD, Kotloff KL, Sow SO, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections among hospitalized children in Bamako, Mali. Pediatr.

Infect. Dis. J. 2004;23:642-649.

Roca A, Sigaúque B, Quintó LI, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in children < 5 years of age in rural Mozambique. Trop Med.

Int. Hlth. 2006; 11: 1422-1431.