Resum
Background: Knowledge of fluoride concentrations in community ground water supplies is important because it will aid decision making on the use of fluoride at individual and community level.
Objective:To determine fluoride concentrations of common community groundwater supplies in selected rural and urban communities of Oyo State Nigeria.
Materials and methods: Fluoride concentrations in 200 randomly selected common community ground water supplies in 2 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State were determined by Fluoride-Ion-Selective Electrode. The accuracy and validity of the fluoride analysis by direct method was estimated by re-analysis of 7% of the water samples. Ground water supplies were categorised into 3 groups according to the fluoride concentration in mg/l [10]: (i) < 0.29 mg/l (low F concentration); (ii) from 0.30 up to 0.60 mg/l (appropriate F concentration), (iii) 0.60 – 1.5 mg/l (optimal F concentration) and > 1.5 mg/l (high F concentration).The data obtained were analysed using SPSS version 22. The frequency distributions were analysed with student t-tests and chi-square tests at p < 0.05.
Results:The minimum fluoride concentration in all samples was 0.03 mg/l, the maximum was 3.0 mg/l while the median was 0.30 mg/l.Fluoride concentration in most, 96 (48.0%) of the ground water supplies was <0.29 mg/l while 75 (37.5%) had appropriate fluoride concentration (0.30-0.60 mg/l). There was no statistically significant difference between the mean (SD) fluoride concentration (mg/l) in wells and boreholes (p=1.0) and in rural and urban areas ground water supplies these ground water supplies (p=0.07). Twenty-three (29.1%) and 13 (10.7%) of the ground water supplies in rural and urban areas respectively contained >0.60 mg/l of fluoride (p=0.001).
Conclusion:Most of the samples belong to the low fluoride concentrations group while few belong to the high concentrations group that would necessitate defluoridation or provision of alternative water supplies. Rural samples had higher fluoride concentrations.
Keywords:Fluoride, Ground water, Rural, Urban, Nigeria
Résumé
Contexte: La connaissance des concentrations de fluorure dans les approvisionnements en eau souterraine de la communauté est importante car elle aidera la prise de décision sur l’utilisation du fluorure au niveau individuel et communautaire.
Objectif :Pour déterminer les concentrations de fluorure dans les approvisionnements communautaires
communs en eau souterraine dans certaines communautés rurales et urbaines de l’État d’Oyo au Nigéria.
Matériaux et méthodes : Les concentrations de fluorure de 200 sources d’eau souterraines communes aux communautés sélectionnées au hasard dans 2 communes municipales de l’État d’Oyo ont été déterminées parélectrodesélective fluorure-ion. La précision et la validité de l’analyse du fluorure par méthode directe ont été estimées par une nouvelle analyse de 7% des échantillons d’eau. Les sources d’eau souterraine ont été classées en 3 groupes selon la concentration de fluorure en mg / l [10]: (i) <0,29 mg / l (faible concentration en F); (ii) de 0,30 à 0,60 mg / l (concentration F appropriée), (iii) 0,60 - 1,5 mg / l (concentration F optimale) et> 1,5 mg / l (concentration F élevée). Les données obtenues ont été analysées à l’aide de SPSS version 22. Les distributions de fréquence ont été analysées, avec les tests t et les tests du chi carré à p <0,05.
Résultats:La concentrationminimale de fluorure dans tous leséchantillons était de 0,03 mg / l, le maximum était de 3,0 mg / l tandis que la médiane était de 0,30 mg /l. La concentration en fluorure dans la plupart, 96 (48,0%) des approvisionnements en eau souterraines était 0,29 mg / l tandis que 75 (37,5%) avaient laconcentrationde fluorure appropriée (0,30 à 0,60 mg / l).Il n’y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative entre la concentration moyenne (ET) de fluorure (mg / l) dans les puits et les forages (p = 1,0) et dans les zones rurales et urbaines, de ces approvisionnements en eau souterraine (p = 0,07).Vingt-trois (29,1%) et 13 (10,7%) des approvisionnements d’eau souterraine respectivementdans les zones rurales et urbainescontenaient 0,60 mg /l de fluorure (p = 0,001).
Conclusion: La plupart des échantillons appartiennent au groupe àfaible concentration de fluorure tandis que peu appartiennent augroupe àhaute concentration ce qui nécessiterait la dé-fluoruration ou la fourniturealternativede autres sources d’eau. Les échantillons ruraux avaient des concentrations de fluorure plus élevées.
Mots - clés: Fluorure, Eaux souterraines, Rural, Urbain, Nigéria
Correspondence: Dr. O. Ibiyemi, Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria. Email: shola_ibiyemi@yahoo.com.
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