Heavy Metals Contamination in Water, Soil and Plant Samples of Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria
Palavras-chave:
Heavy metals contamination, seasonal variation, Okomu National Park, NigeriaResumo
The pollution of the environment with a wide range of contaminants has become a matter of great concern over the last few decades. Heavy metals are considered to be one of the main contaminants in the environment, since they have a significant effect on ecological quality. They have the capability to move from contaminated soils and water and bioaccumulate in plant species that herbivores ingest causing health risks to various organisms in the food chain as a result of bioaccumulation. This study therefore assessed the levels of heavy metals in water, soil and plant samples of Okomu National Park, Edo State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected by grab sampling while top soil (0-15 cm) and plant samples were collected randomly. Samples of water (8), soil (8) and plant (6) were collected for two seasons (dry and wet) and analysed for heavy metals: Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Manganese (Mn) and Cadmium (Cd) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer after wet (acid) digestion. Data collected were subjected to descriptive (mean, standard deviation) and inferential (T-test) statistics using Statistical Package for Social Sciences with statistical significance set at α0.05. The mean values of heavy metals in the water samples revealed that all the heavy metals analysed (except Cu and Zn) were above the WHO guidelines for drinking water. The level of Cd in the soil samples was higher than the comparable maximum allowable limit while the mean values of all the analysed heavy metals (except Zn) in the sampled plant species were above the comparable WHO permissible limit. Significant seasonal variation in the concentration of heavy metals was observed in the study as there was more metal contamination in all the analysed samples during the wet season. The concentrations of analysed heavy metals and influence of seasonal variation observed in this study may have negative implication on wildlife health within Okomu National Park. As such, there is need to carry out the study (in sediments inclusive) over time so as to monitor heavy metal deposition and route of exposure in the park.
Referências
Adetuga, A. T. (2019). Heavy metals contamination in waterhole, soil, plant and wild animals’ faecal samples in Old Oyo National Park. Ph.D. Thesis Submitted to the Department of Wildlife and Ecotourism Management, University of Ibadan. Ibadan, Nigeria Adetuga, A. T., Omonona, A. O. and Jubril, A. J. (2018). Assessment of heavy metal concentrations in selected waterholes of Old Oyo National Park. Proceedings of the 2nd Wildlife Society of Nigeria (WISON) Conference. Edited by A. A., Ogunjimi, O. O., Oyeleke, A. I., Adeyemo, B. N., Ejidike, J. O., Orimaye, V. A., Ojo, B. O., Adetola, and F. C., Arowosafe. Pp 153 - 164
Adriano, D. C (2001). Trace Elements in Terrestrial Environments: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailability, and Risks of Metals. Springer, New York, p. 866
Adriano, D.C., Bolan, N. S., Vangronsveld, J. and Wenzel, W. W. (2005) Heavy metals. In: D Hillel (ed) Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 175-182
Ahmad, A.K., Mushrifah, I. and Shuhaimi-Othman, M. (2009).
Water Quality and Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediment of Sungai Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia: A Baseline Study. SainsMalaysiana 38(4): 435–442
Ajayi, S. S. (2011) Case study 2: Multipurpose forest management for bush meat production: asuccess story from West Africa, FAO, November, viewed 16 July 2015, http://www.fao.org/forestry/10258c60dbb6d55b4eb656bacabf3808a a4a3.pdf>
Al-Weher, M. (2008). Levels of heavy metal Cd, Cu and Zn in three fish species collected from the Northern Jordan Valley. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences; 1: 41-46.
Asaolu, S. S (2003). Determination of some heavy metals in Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias gariepinus and Synodontis spp from the coastal water of Ondo State, Nigeria. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res 45(1):17–19.
Baldwin D. R and Marshall W. J, (1999). “Heavy metal poisoning and its laboratory investigation,” Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 267–300
Beyersmann, D. and Hartwig, A. (2008). Carcinogenic metal compounds: recent insight into molecular and cellular mechanisms. Arch. Toxicol. 82, 493-512.
Calkins, M. (2009). Materials for sustainable sites. A complete guide to the evaluation. Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley and Sons. Pp 451
Hu, B., Jia, X., Hu, J., Xu, D., Xia, F. and Li, Y. (2017). Assessment of heavy metal pollution and health risks in the soil- plant-human system in the Yangtze River Delta, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14:1042-1060 Huang, Z., Pan, X. D., Wu, P. G., Han, J. L. and Chen, Q. (2014). Heavy metals in vegetables and the health risk to population in Zhejiang, China. Food Control, 36: 248–252
Khan. S., Cao. Q., Zheng Y. M., Huang Y. Z., Zhu Y. G. (2008)
Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environ Pollut 152:686-692
Lion, G. N. and Olowoyo, J. O. (2013). Population health risk due to dietary intake of toxic heavy metals from Spinaciaoleracea harvested from soils collected in and around Tshwane, South Africa South African Journal of Botany 88: 178-182
Marjanovic, M. D., Vukcevic, M. M., Antonovic, D. G., Dimitrijevic, S. I., Jovanovic, D. M., Matavulj, M. N. and Ristic, M. D. (2009). Heavy metals concentration in soils from parks and green areas in Belgrade. J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 74 (6): 697-706 Omonona, A. O., Ajani, F., Adetuga, A. T. and Koledoye, O. J. (2019a). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soil and water samples in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research vol 22 (2): 207-214
Omonona, A. O., Nnamuka, S. S., Jubril, A. J. and Adetuga, A. T. (2019b). Assessment of heavy metals in water, soil, plant and faecal samples collected from the Borgu sector of Kainji Lake National Park, Nigeria. Open Access Journal of Toxicology vol 3 (5): 1-8
Onojeghuo, A.O., and Onojeghuo, A. R. (2015). Mapping forest transition trends in Okomu reserve using Landsat and UK-DMC-2 satellite data. South African Journal of Geomatics, Vol 4, no.4
Qu, C. S., Ma, Z. W., Yang, J., Liu, Y., Bi, J. and Huang, L. (2012). Human exposure pathways of heavy metals in a lead-zinc mining area, Jiangsu Province, China. PLoS ONE, 7: 1–11
Rani, R. S. and Reddy, P. M (2003). Preliminary studies on metal concentration on Hussain sagar Lake. Pollut. Res. 22: 377-380 Ratko, K., Snezana, B., Dragica, O., Ivana, B. and Nada, D. (2011). Assessment of heavy metal content in soil and grasslands in national park of the lake plateau of the N. P. “Durmitor” Montenegro. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10 (26): 5157-5165
Raven, P. H, Berg, L. R. and Johnson G. B. (1998). Environment, Saunders College Publishing, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition. Shalini, A., Jain, C. K., Lokhande, R. S. (2017). Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil. Int J Environ Sci Nat Res. 3(5): 555625. 02 DOI: 10.19080/IJESNR.2017.03.555625
Soladoye, M. O. and Oni, O. (2000). Biodiversity studies at Okomu Forest Reserve in Edo State. A report of the National Agricultural Research Project.
Sparks, D. L. (2005). Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces. Elements vol. 1: 193-197
Stankovic, S., Kalaba, P. and Stankovic, A.R. (2014). Biota as toxic metal indicators. Environ Chem Lett 12:63–84
Tong, S. T. Y. and Chen, W. (2002) Modelling the relationship between land and surface water quality. J. Environ. Manage. 66: 377- 393
Weggler, K., McLaughlin. M. J. and Graham, R. D. (2004).
“Effect of Chloride in Soil Solution on the Plant Availability of Biosolid-Borne Cadmium,” Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 33(2): 496–504
Wieczorek, J., Wieczorek, T. and Bieniaszewski, T. (2004). Cd and lead content in cereal grains and soil from cropland adjacent to roadways. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies; 14: 535-540. Xiong, X. L. and Yanxia, L. W. (2010). Copper content in animal manures and potential risk of soil copper pollution with animal manure use in agriculture. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 54(11): 985-990
Yadav, S. and Khirwar, S. S. (2005). Inter-relationship of soil micronutrient with feedstuffs in Jind district of Haryana. Indian J. Anim. Sci, 75:531-533
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
